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Evaluation of Provisions of the TCC Regarding the Negotiation and Conclusion Phases of the Insurance Contract with Respect to General Principles of the Contract Law

Sigorta Sözleşmesinin Müzakeresi ve Kurulması Safhasına İlişkin TTK Hükümlerinin Sözleşme Hukukunun Genel İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi

Kübra YETİŞ ŞAMLI

The special provisions regulating insurance contract are stipulated under the sixth book of the Turkish Commercial Code Nr.6102 (“the TCC”). The subject of this paper is the evaluation of provisions of the TCC on the negotiation and conclusion phases of the insurance contract. It will be focused on two main topics. The first one is the pre-contractual information duty of the insurer. The second topic is the conclusion of the contract if written application is not rejected by the insurer within thirty days as of the date of the application. In this study, the similarities and differences between the provisions of the TCC and general principles of contract law in relation to these issues are highlighted. Furthermore, the practical and concrete outcomes of the solutions adopted in the TCC and possible problems which may arise therefrom are analyzed.

Insurance, Insurer, Policyholder, Pre-Contractual Duty, Information Duty, Insurance Contract, Conclusion of the Contract.

Sigorta sözleşmelerine ilişkin hükümler 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun (TTK) Altıncı Kitabı’nda yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, TTK’nın sigorta sözleşmesinin müzakeresi ve kurulması safhalarına ilişkin hükümlerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada iki konu üzerinde durulacaktır. İlki, sigortacının sözleşme öncesi aydınlatma yükümlülüğüdür. İkincisi ise, teklifnamenin, teklifname tarihinden itibaren otuz gün içinde sigortacı tarafından reddedilmemesi halinde sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulmuş sayılacağına ilişkin düzenlemedir. Çalışmada öncelikle TTK’nın söz konusu hükümleri açıklanacak; bu hükümlerle sözleşme hukukunun anılan konulara ilişkin temel prensipleri arasındaki farklar ve benzerlikler üzerinde durulacaktır. Ayrıca TTK’da benimsenen çözümlerin uygulamadaki sonuçları ve yol açabileceği muhtemel sorunlar ele alınacaktır.

Sigorta, Sigortacı, Sigorta Ettiren, Sözleşme Öncesi Görev, Aydınlatma Yükümlülüğü, Sigorta Sözleşmesi, Sözleşmenin Kuruluşu.

Introduction

The general duty to negotiate with care and not to lead a negotiating partner to act to his detriment before conclusion of the contract is recognized for all contracts. The general provisions of the Code of Obligations Nr.6098 (“the COB”) regulate the conclusion phase of contracts of all kinds. This aforesaid basic principle and general provisions of the COB may seem sufficient for all kinds of contracts. However, when it comes to insurance contracts, there are some specialties leading to special regulations. Among other specialties, these are crucial: The technicality of the insurance contracts, the principle of utmost good faith which dominates over insurance contracts and the fact that in most cases, consumers get involved in the insurance contract. In consequence, many issues regarding insurance contracts are stipulated specifically under the TCC. There are special provisions regarding the negotiation and conclusion phases of the insurance contract. Namely, provisions regulating the pre-contractual information duties of the parties and conclusion of the insurance contract upon silence of the insurer.

The TCC imposes a pre-contractual information duty both on the insurer and the future policyholder. The pre-contractual information duty of the policyholder1 is typically discussed together with the other duties of the policyholder in order to study the common characteristics of the policyholder’s duties comparatively. Therefore, we have focused on the pre-contractual information duty of the insurer and left the equivalent duty of the future policyholder out of the scope of this paper.

There is no special provision in the TCC regarding the conclusion of the insurance contract except Art.1405 of the TCC. Therefore, insurance contracts are subject to the general provisions of the COB in relation to conclusion of contracts. Insurance Business Act Nr.56842 provides a special regulation regarding life insurances. Namely, if the written application related to the conclusion of the life insurance contract is not rejected by the insurer within thirty days as of the date of the receival of the application by the insurer, the insurance contract shall be deemed as concluded. This rule, exclusive to life insurance contracts, has been incorporated to the TCC and turned into a general principle for insurance contracts of all branches.